Lutheranism and Zwinglianism Essay Example for Free

Lutheranism and Zwinglianism Essay The Catholic Church reformation can be attributed to personal motives which were supported by political influence and gains. For instance Lutheranism was introduced by Martin Luther because he was against the indulgence act that the Catholic Church perpetuated and used to raise charitable funds to build and maintain their churches. Luther was raised in a middle class family thus was able to enjoy economic benefits such as attending school. This fact made him win over the crowd by demanding for their attention and sympathy . The spread of the Zwinglianism religion can also be attributed to the personal benefits that Zwingli was seeking. Zwingli a catholic clergy was against the celibacy and chastity vows because he had more than once had sexual relationships with women that were his concubines. Therefore, he demanded a change to the doctrines and principles of the Catholic Church to allow marriage of the clergy to curb the immoral vices they practiced . Gustav vas a the Swedish King perpetuated the spread of the Lutheranism religion when he dominated the national church in Diet of Vasteras by controlling all the church possessions, church appointments and demanded Lutheranism to be taught in churches and schools. Furthermore, the Denmark King Fredrick 1 protected Lutheran followers, reformers and preachers from persecution . Denmark had Catholic followers who excommunicated Lutheran believers however Lutheranism gained a strong hold in Denmark when Christian Fredrick’s son, a Lutheran follower, won the king’s throne after the civil war and thus fully supported Lutheranism. On the other hand the Grand council of Zurich favored Zwingli who perpetuated the spread of Zwinglianism over the Catholic councils thus managed to influence Switzerland to practice Zwinglianism. Furthermore, the Zurich community supported Zwingli a fact that influenced the decision of The Grand council because they wanted to maintain political favor of the Zurich community . Word Count: 303 Bibliography Bruening, W. Michael. 2006. Calvinisms First Battleground: Conflict and Reform in the Pays De Vaud, 1528-1559. Warren, MI: Springer.

The Drummer Boy of Shiloh Essay -- Narrative, Informative

A narrative is specified to amuse, to attract, and grasp a reader’s attention. The types of narratives are fictitious, real or unification or both. However, they may consist of folk tale stories, mysteries, science fiction; romances, horror stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads, slice of life, and personal experience (â€Å"Narrative,† 2008). Therefore, narrative text has five shared elements. These are setting, characters, plot, theme, and vocabulary (â€Å"Narrative and Informational Text,† 2008). Narrative literature is originally written to communicate a story. Therefore, narrative literature that is written in an excellent way will have conflicts and can discuss shared aspects of human occurrence. The essay will concern information pertaining to narrative text. First the essay will discuss the definition of narrative literature. Second, the essay will consist of the advantages of narrative literature. Third, the disadvantages of narrative literature will also be discussed. Fourth, the essay will consist of five possible uses of narrative text in middle school language arts. There are several advantages to using narrative text in the middle school classroom environment. The first advantage is that the reader is entertained when reading narrative text. Second advantage involves narrative text attains and contains the interest of the reader. Third advantage consists of narrative text teaching or instructing the reader. Fourth advantage focuses on narrative text inconstant demeanor or social opinions of the reader. For example soap operas. The Bold and the Beautiful displayed in one of the episodes concerning homeless people and how their circumstances caused these individ... ...in history can increase the interest of students by helping students to understand that history has human perspectives and a more individual meaning. Also short stories can help students interpret history more plainly. Therefore, the teacher can use short stories to help students iterate reading and writing skills. Short stories can enrich a history teacher classroom and make learning history more pleasant and significant for students. An example of one of the short stories associated to the Civil War period is â€Å"The Drummer Boy of Shiloh by Ray Bradbury. This short story distinctly obtains the human passions and agitation during the Civil War period and it also deals with actual history in human details. Therefore, â€Å"The Drummer Boy of Shiloh helps the reader interpret what it was like to be in the Civil War period in American history (White, 1993).

Classical Style vs. the Renaissance

Classical Style vs.. The Renaissance One of the most influential artistic styles in western culture is the Classical Style. This term describes the art and architecture produced in Ancient Greece between the late sixth and early fourth centuries B. C. E. The harmonious order that governs almost all the aspects of Ancient Greek Civilization, including politics and philosophy, was the basis of this rich artistic period which has always had a strong influence on Western culture. Nevertheless, there have been some periods in history where the Classical influences were more prevalent.This influence could not be more evident than in the Renaissance, which refers to the rebirth of the Classical Style. The Renaissance which spread through Europe started in Italy around 1300 C. E. And lasted though the seventeenth century. In this period, the artisans did not Just copy the Greeks but also revived their principles of harmony, order, proportion, and realism. In this paper, I'm going to exam one sculpture and one building from each of these two periods to identify the similarities and differences between them.Hermes with the young Dionysus by Parallaxes vs.. David by Michelangelo Hermes with the nuns Dionysus was made by Parallaxes around 340 B. C. E. This marble statue represents Hermes, which was the messenger of the Greek Gods, holding the young Dionysus (Cambric). This freestanding Greek statue was made during the Golden Age of the Classical Style, and it features the key characteristics of this period (realism, harmony, and proportion). Hermes appears nude leaning against a tree trunk draped with material which is wrapped around his arm.He is leaning in a relaxed pose with most of his body positioned on the left side of the artwork. Parallaxes balances the overall composition by putting the young Dionysus on Hermes' arm which connects the figure to the supporting tree trunk on the right side. Like other sculptures from this period, Hermes with the young Dionysus is ve ry realistic. According to Gloria Firer, author of the book The Humanistic Tradition â€Å"the male nude of the High Classical Age seems to fulfill Aristotle idea of excellences as the exercise of human will dominated by reason†.Hermes' idealized body is perfectly symmetrical, and it absolutely fits into the Greek canon (set of rules for determining physical proportion). In addition, the almost tactile texture of the smooth marble exposes Hermes' well developed muscles and bones which seem to be alive and moving under his soft smooth skin. His facial features are symmetrical and proportionate, and his expression is relaxed while smiling as he looks upon the baby Dionysus. In this statue, Parallaxes reflects the Greek ideal of beauty.The realism and perfection of the Greek statues of the Classical period were the inspiration for sculpture of the Italian Renaissance. Michelangelo created David between 1501 and 1504. The work is a representation of the young shepherd who slays t he giant Goliath with his meager sling and who eater goes on to become the king of Israel (Firer). Like Hermes with the young Dionysus, David is a freestanding, statue of a nude male, created at the peak of its period, the Renaissance. Michelangelo created this sculpture in the early sixteen century, which is consider the high Renaissance.Similarly to Parallaxes' statue, David is very realistic, and the smooth marble shows the perfectly developed muscular structure beneath the skin. However, unlike Hermes, Davit's posture is not relaxed but rigid with his muscles tense and veins protruding from the surface. He appears leer and focused on his opponent, awaiting some action that is about to happen. In addition, while Hermes' scale and proportion are realistic, Davit's is oversized standing 14 Ft. 5 in. High, and his head hands, and feet are oversized and not proportionate to the rest of his body. Michelangelo deliberately violated classical proportions by making the head and hands of his figure to large for his trunk. The body of the fearless adolescent is tense and brooding, powerful rather than graceful† says Firer. Although both sculptures share common characteristics, David is different room Hermes in that Parallaxes' creation is Just a celebration of beauty and perfection while Michelangelo creates beauty and also enhances human accomplishment. Parthenon vs.. Saint Pewter's Basilica The Parthenon (448-432 B. C. E. ) is a Classical Greek temple that was designed by architects Stations and Calibrates.It is located in Athens, Greece, and it crowns the high plateau called the Acropolis. The temple is dedicated to the city's main Goddesses, Athena, and it is surrounded by other smaller temples (Firer). Like most of the buildings from this period, the architects used the post-and-lintel system, and hey did not use mortar. The Parthenon floor plan is rectangular and very simple. It only has two rooms surrounded by a colonnaded walkway. The order used for the columns is Doric, which has no base, and its capital is a simple cushion.The Greek principles of perfection such as order, harmony, and symmetry govern the whole construction. The ideal and concern with perfection of order and balance caused the architects to use wider columns on the corners of the structure to offset the visual reduction of their size due to the bright light of the sky behind them according to Firer. In addition, the Parathion's pediment was decorated symmetrically and balanced with relief carvings of the Greek Gods featuring the king of the gods, Zeus, directly in the center.Similar to the revival of the classical style in Renaissance sculpture, the principles of the Classical Greek architecture were the inspiration for building during the Renaissance. Saint Pewter's Basilica (1506-1612 C. E. ) is a catholic church constructed during the high Renaissance. Ten architects worked on its construction including Donate Aberrant, who started the project, and Michelangel o, who designed of the dome (The World Book Encyclopedia). Similarly to the Parthenon, it is intended for worshiping and is located in the middle of a religious area, Vatican City.It is dedicated to Saint Peter who is considered the fist pope of the Christian Church and whose remains lay beneath the building. Saint Pewter's Basilica has also some decorative features that resemble the Greek temple. The columns in the fade are inspired by the Classical Style although they are a different order, Corinthian, and above the columns there is a pediment. Crowning the fade are thirteen statues upon the balustrade, which although are not exactly the same, they mimic the ones in the Parthenon.The figure in the center is Jesus, king of heaven, and the rest are Saint John the Baptist and eleven apostles. The major differences between the two temples are the construction methods. Saint Pewter's Basilica uses mortar, and it has stone arches inside supporting the ceiling, which are construction tec hniques developed by the Romans. The floor plan is a Latin cross that is inspired by the medieval cathedrals. In addition, the building is crowned with a huge dome, which is an architectural feature and innovation from the Renaissance.Although the Renaissance architecture is more complex than the Classical, the architects included key classically styled features in their designs and the Classical ideal of proportion and order in their construction. After examining the sculpture and architecture from these two periods, it is clear that they have a direct relationship to each other. The renaissance borrowed the Classical principles of order, harmony, and proportion from the Greeks. This is clear in the comparison of the two statues. In the case of the architecture, the Renaissance took the Classical elements, but they utilized more advanced techniques.Although the Renaissance was a brilliant period in which innovation and creativity was rich, the use of the Classical examples and the honoring of them clearly confirm their timeless and lasting influence. Works Cited Firer, Gloria. The Humanistic Tradition Volume l. 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2005. Print. Cambric, E. H. The Story of Art. 15th edition. All Saints Street, London: Phaeton Press Limited, 1999. Print The World Book Encyclopedia. Merchandise Mart Plaza, Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. 1962. Print.

Environmental Economics Exam - 1139 Words

Take-Home Exam Exercise 1 (a) If the emissions in the area are left unregulated then the two factories will emit as much as they can, which means there will be zero abatement (MAC=0). So we have: Factory A: MACA=0 4000-EA=0 EA=4000 Factory B: MACB=0 4000-4EB=0 EB=1000 For the socially optimal level of emissions we have: MACA=4000-EA EA=4000-MACA MACB=4000-4EB EB=1000-0,25MACB By adding the above by parts we get: E=5000-1,25MAC MAC=4000-0,8E The socially optimal level of emissions is where MAC equals MD, therefore: MAC=MD 4000-0,8E*=1,7E* 4000=2,5E* E*=1600 (b) First, we must find the excess demand for permits for each factory. In order to do this, we must assume 2 prices for each factory. Factory A: If†¦show more content†¦So, we have: MAC=MD 360- 65 E = 0,3E* 360 = 310 E* + 1210 E* E*= 1015Ãâ€"360 E*=240 units. (b) In order for the two tanneries to be cost-efficient, two conditions need to be in force: EA+EB=E MACA=MACB So, we have: EA+EB=240 EA= 240-EB MACA=MACB 360-2EA=360-3EB 360-2(240- EB) =360- 3EB 5EB=480 EB=96 And EA= 240-EB EA= 240-96 EA=144 So, Firm A should emit EA=144 units and Firm B EB=96. For EA=144 we have: MACA=360-2(144) =360-288=72 So: TACA=180-144Ãâ€"722=25922=1296 For EB=96 we have: MACB=360-3(96) =360-288=72 So: TACB=120-96Ãâ€"722=17282=864 (c) Since, the government sets an emission tax, in order to find the units that each firm will be willing to emit under this tax we set MAC=tax, because each tannery will choose to emit until its MAC becomes equal to the tax. So, we have: Tannery A will emit: MACA=66 360- 2EA=66 2EA=294 EA=147 units Tannery B will emit: MACB=66 360 -3EB=66 3EB=294 EB=98 units Under this policy of taxing we have: For tannery A the cost of compliance is: TCA=TACA+(tÃâ€"EA) TACA=12Ãâ€"180-14766$=1089$ So:Show MoreRelatedNumerical Exam Questions for Environmental Economics2137 Words   |  9 PagesNumerical exam questions for Environmental Economics Spring 2006 Krister Hjalte Question 2. (29/3 1998) The inverse demand function for a non-renewable resource is Pt = a- bRt, where Pt is the market price and Rt the extraction in period t. The total gross benefit from extracting this resource can be written as an integral The extraction cost Ct= cRt, where c is a constant. Total available amount of the resource is denoted by S. 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